India’s merchandise trade deficit widened to a historic high in October 2025, reaching approximately US$ 41.7–42 billion, the largest monthly gap ever recorded. This sharp jump from September’s US$ 32.2 billion deficit has intensified concerns about India’s external-sector resilience at a time of rising global protectionism and volatile commodity markets. The deterioration is primarily driven by a steep contraction in merchandise exports—particularly to the United States following tariff escalations—and an extraordinary surge in gold imports amid festive and wedding-season demand. These dynamics carry significant implications for currency stability, policy responses, and long-term export competitiveness. This article examines the key factors behind the record deficit, its macroeconomic consequences, and the outlook for India’s trade position in the coming months.
India’s goods exports fell 11.8% year-on-year in October to US$ 34.38 billion. A key contributor was the decline in outbound shipments to the United States, which dropped by 8.5–9%. This fall follows the imposition of elevated US tariffs—raised up to 50% on several Indian products—which have eroded India’s competitive position in its largest export market.
Brokerage firm Nomura noted that cumulative exports to the US have already contracted by around 10% since the new tariff structure was implemented. Several major export categories—engineering goods, gems and jewellery, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and chemicals—registered declines, highlighting the broad-based nature of the downturn.
Weak global demand conditions, along with an unfavourable base effect from October 2024, further amplified the fall. The slowdown is particularly evident in cyclical export categories tied to investment and manufacturing demand in advanced economies.
Import surge led by a dramatic rise in gold inflows
India’s imports grew by 16–17% year-on-year to around US$ 76.06 billion in October 2025, driven largely by an exceptional spike in gold inflows. Gold imports soared to nearly US$ 14.7 billion—almost triple the US$ 4.9 billion recorded a year earlier—fuelled by festive and wedding-season demand, alongside speculative purchases anticipating favourable price movements.
Non-oil, non-gold imports also remained firm, with electronic goods rising 19.1%, machinery 12.2%, non-ferrous metals 13.9%, and fertilisers jumping 86.8%, signalling strong domestic consumption and investment demand. Meanwhile, crude oil imports fell 21.7% due to softer global prices, though this relief was insufficient to offset the surge in gold and other high-value imports.
Rupee under pressure amid rising external risks
The record deficit has pressured the Indian rupee, prompting the RBI to sell about US$ 17 billion in spot and forward markets to curb volatility. Despite this, the currency is expected to soften, potentially touching ₹88.25 per US$ by December 2025 and drifting toward ₹89.50–₹90 by late 2026 if trade conditions remain adverse.
To support exporters, the government and RBI have introduced measures including a credit guarantee scheme, moratorium on term-loan repayments, extended export-repatriation timelines, and restrictions on select jewellery imports. However, some of these steps coincided with expectations of a possible India–US trade resolution, adding uncertainty to the policy environment.
Long-term structural risks also cloud India’s trade outlook. One major concern is the proposed US HIRE Act, which would impose a 25% tax on US companies outsourcing jobs to foreign markets. Given that 54% of India’s US$ 181 billion software exports in FY25 were directed to the US, such legislation poses a considerable threat to India’s services-sector surplus.
The October trade performance underscores India’s overdependence on a single export market. Diversification—both in terms of product and destination—remains a critical priority if India is to improve resilience against foreign policy shocks and global economic fluctuations.
Conclusion
India’s trade trajectory in the coming months will hinge on several key factors. A moderation in gold imports, as festive and wedding-season demand tapers off, could help narrow the deficit. Progress in India–US trade negotiations—particularly any easing of tariff pressures—may offer timely relief to exporters. A revival in global demand would further support critical export categories such as engineering goods, textiles, and chemicals. Meanwhile, the rupee’s movement will remain pivotal; a measured depreciation could enhance export competitiveness but may raise import costs. Sustained momentum in IT and business services exports will also be essential to cushioning merchandise-trade pressures.
Overall, India’s record trade deficit in October 2025 reflects the combined impact of global protectionist trends, strong domestic consumption, and structural vulnerabilities. While the services sector continues to provide stability, the widening merchandise gap highlights the need for agile policies, deeper export diversification, and strengthened competitiveness. In an environment of evolving global uncertainty, India’s strategic choices—both in external negotiations and domestic reforms—will shape the resilience of its external-sector position in the months ahead.
Read More:
1. What is a merchandise trade deficit?A merchandise trade deficit occurs when a country’s imports of physical goods exceed its exports during a specific period.
2. Why did India’s merchandise trade deficit hit a record high in October 2025?The deficit surged mainly due to a sharp rise in gold imports and a contraction in exports, especially to the US amid tariff pressures.
3. How much was India’s merchandise trade deficit in October 2025?It reached approximately US$41.7–42 billion, the highest monthly deficit ever recorded.
4. What role did gold imports play in widening the deficit?Gold imports nearly tripled year-on-year due to festive demand, wedding-season buying, and speculative purchases.
5. Why did India’s exports decline in October 2025?Exports fell due to weaker demand from major markets, especially the US, and the impact of new tariffs under the HIRE Act and related measures.
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